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| Description | Introduction The notion of system evokes the idea of organization. A national monetary system is the organization of monetary relations in a country: how traders can use the currency making available and how is issued according to their needs. These requirements relate to the three traditional functions of money, they are: - Unit of account measures the value of goods and services likely to be exchanged, and it allows to count, represents the cash. - Method of payment: "ermite buy and sell goods and services, can buy, represents power shopping. - Deposit (you reserve (fa exchange that, contrary to what happens with the exchange, is not affected by time; the currency can be expected, it represents a book value. The first function is essential because precedes the other two, but the state defines a unique value time. In everyday life, are the means of payment and reservation deposit that are really important as they are constantly used by the agents. Both functions are closely related: the currency must be able to be preserved because the exchange is flexible in the time can be borrowed or repaid debts and allows. The monetary system is the international organization responsible for setting monetary relations between countries they need the money for the above reasons. The unit of account is not defined just because the international community does not constitute a State; function is effective linked in this case to other functions, between countries, they are exercised in a particular way. 1. The function of means of payment can not be assured at international level rather than in conditions specific. On the one hand, the agents involved are few: tens of thousands of companies, but is this equë front of twenty million consumers every day, in a country like France, acquire a product? Moreover, the amounts transferred are average more high and accordingly, the operation cost is lowered. Finally, agents who perform a transaction does not have contact with each other, since they belong to two countries different and in most cases are never known. It is difficult to transfer a payment method physical (gold or bills) and is easier to ask a bank to transfer money from one account to another. By This is why, from the Champagne fairs in the sixteenth century, international trade has used entries. Fiat currency is only used in three cases: in border trade, since the place is the same; as in international travel, although the use of travelers checks and credit cards allow you to avoid circulation of banknotes; and finally in underground economy, whether arms trafficking, drugs, or evasion of capital, since the notes leave no trace. It has been developing all these trades which led to the invention of ways to "launder" money. The use of entries simplifies the settlements, because the transactions are not made between the agents themselves, but between their banks. No exchange is not realized if the banks have to perform each operation case by case. They do not do so, because they can compensate payments to some of its customers with the others must do. They just have to adjust their the resulting balances exchanges. In fact, it goes even circulate checks: it is enough to issue a statement that causes, on the other side of the world, in an account record and having another account on the debit in the accounting records. The progress of technology allows such operations over a period of time and at increasingly lower cost. And to facilitate their operations, international banks have accounts of each other. The compensation shall not is performed in a given time and place, it is permanently performed on the banks that have open branches accounts: one account may be, on the same day, charged and paid in It has a number of times. Transactions by US banks to account its correspondents or its foreign customers in 1985 accounted for about thirty times the balance Through its open to non-resident bank accounts. 2. The function of store of value is essential, since the transactions are less common among countries among residents of a country. Each individual and each company can easily manage the flows of income and expenses. By In contrast, foreign transactions are not consistently balanced: a company can regardless export and vice versa. And, what's more, these transactions depend on the price and quantities produced, which can fluctuate widely, as well as exchange rates, which variations They can be brutal. You can imagine the impact on exports or imports certain countries in a drop in coffee prices, a rise in oil prices, or a contract a dozen Airbus. The more a country is open to the outside is more immersed in the international specialization and have to take care of your fund sufficient reserves to offset changes unpredictable flows that can generate foreign trade. So the concern is explained some of their reserves reach a limit that seems dangerous because it applies only for example, two months of imports. The function of store of value is important for another reason. The transactions are balanced Globally, since a country may not matter if the other does not export. But a country can import more than it exports, and vice versa. The balances can be adjusted as we seen-- = a transfers between bank accounts. But world trade develops rapidly and requires the overall volume of reserves also increased. This is necessary, since the positions of ones and other not offset long term. Conversely, deficit countries and countries see increasing surplus balances. Deficit countries can not indefinitely liquidate their deficits, need to borrow; surplus countries are reluctant to increase their reserves foreign exchange; They prefer to place it in letters or securities that produce interest. They can therefore grant credit deficit, either directly by a bilateral agreement countries or indirectly, by through a specialized institution, or through international banks. These letters or titles can be considered as reserves, whose increase is linked to a financing process balance of payments. Relation or ion flows, as it is called, it consists of a mone to in felt or strict. It is essentially art and are based on a clearing procedure. The role of reserves is more political, because it is based on an accumulation of credits and debts are for countries involved both a set of rights and obligations. It sits on an accumulation of liquidity. The international liquidity actually corresponds to the reserves of the central bank's total all countries accumulated reserves. Currently, they take various forms. - The natural way: the gold, which is only used as a form of store of value. Never have been easy use as adjusting means. It could be valued as the former or as the official listing market, which varies daily. The International Monetary Fund says each member country amount of gold to keep in million ounces, adding the value of gold, in the quotation or the official market, the total of international liquidity. - The institutional form, managed by an institution. It is the reserve position at the IMF all members of this institution. They are also the Special Drawing Rights issued by the Fund since 1970 they have come to swell the reserves of each country. This is actually the ECU of the Union European, the official ECU on account of the EMCF and private ECU available to banks Business. - The national form: the amount of reserves used in certain national currencies between countries. He dollar still constitutes the majority, but the mark and the yen acquire an increasingly important higher, following them the British pound, and Swiss franc, the guilder ... In the case of the dollar, example, has current accounts or transferable deposits in American banks, securities issued by the State, such as US Treasury bonds, which are located in the abroad, for example in London or Singapore as the rates offered are much more interesting in New York. So Eurodollar speak, or the Asian dollar. Now we discover everything surrounding the international liquidity, a concept that may be somewhat ambiguous: - It is wider than that of the coin, and does not correspond to the role of regulation, but only to the backup. Only foreign exchange reserves in the form of current accounts, and reserves rights special (SDR) or ECU under stringent conditions, can be transferred as transactions. official reserves with central banks which maintain their currencies in market. It covers neither the private gold reserves, which in some countries are nothing despicable, or SDR's reserves of "exclusive holders' or especially foreign exchange reserves banks and international companies, which have become very important to both the development of world trade as the "recycling" of capital. - The international liquidity is a gross concept: time to their judgment, not debt deducted from the credits. Only the gold, which is an asset in itself, is a net reserve. The currencies They are a reservoir for holding those shares and institutional commitment by the issuer, have value rather than gross. Consequently, when a country borrows dollars from a consortium of banks, liquidity increases by the same amount. Because of the importance of foreign exchange reserves in official reserves, the organization monetary relations among States requires the definition of a double relationship: - A gold relationship that currency with gold or a "final value": this is the currency, which which means, from a strict perspective, the purchase by a central bank of its own coin. This ensures power getting out of a currency in place, at a fixed price, a real value --Qro- Or another currency. - An account of these currencies against each other: the stability that allows changing market change one currency against another, or against the national currency, at a price that can not vary more than within certain limits. Is the guarantee of being able to leave without a currency risk to a loss of exchange excessive. These two rules are fundamental to characterize an international monetary system. They have It happened several variants: - The gold standard is a system in which all coins are defined on gold, and they are convertible into cash. Convertibility is total, implying a perfect stability, Son, automatic mechanisms. - The gold standard change is a system in which the currency is limited, and stability and not It is total. It takes a set of rules to guide each other, and that we will discuss later. - The pattern or pattern change in currency is a system in which the convertlb¡lidad not met in the strict sense of the word. No stability, so we must define a set of rules. It is still necessary that these rules are applied. For this reason often they oppose the system "Legal" as defined in the Genoa Conference of 1922 and the Bretton Woods in 1944, and the system "In fact" it has gradually replaced the previous without an international treaty decide or approve anything about it. And the international monetary system does not remain fixed. Fits both to changes in the global economy as the various phases of relations between the States. Therefore the historical perspective seems the best approach to study this system, analyze how it has evolved and how it came to be based on gold to rely almost entirely on the dollar American. |
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viernes, 27 de noviembre de 2015
INTRODUCTION TO FMI
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